Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function, affecting millions of people worldwide. According to global estimates, around 10% of the population suffers from kidney disease, with India reporting a prevalence of 8-13%, depending on the region.

The kidneys are vital organs that act as the body’s natural blood filters. They remove toxins, regulate blood pressure, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, produce vitamin D, and help in red blood cell production through the hormone erythropoietin. A healthy pair of kidneys filters nearly 200 liters of blood every day, ensuring the body functions smoothly.

However, once the kidneys stop functioning, survival becomes dependent on dialysis or kidney transplantation. The growing burden of CKD is a major public health concern, requiring early diagnosis and preventive measures.

The Silent Nature of Kidney Disease

Dr. Partha Pradeep Shetty, Consultant Nephrologist and Transplant Physician at Manipal Hospital, Millers Road, emphasizes that CKD is often called a “silent killer” because symptoms appear only after significant kidney damage has already occurred.

Warning Signs of Kidney Disease:

• Swelling (especially in the legs, ankles, or face)
• Breathlessness
• Reduced urination or changes in urine color
• Loss of appetite and unexplained weight loss
• Persistent fatigue and weakness

By the time these symptoms manifest, nearly two-thirds of kidney function may already be lost, making treatment challenging. Early detection is crucial to slowing disease progression.

Major Causes of Kidney Disease

Several factors contribute to CKD, ranging from chronic illnesses to environmental toxins.

1. Diabetes and Hypertension

• Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD. High blood sugar levels damage the delicate filtering units of the kidneys.
• Hypertension (high blood pressure) exerts excess pressure on the kidney’s blood vessels, leading to gradual damage.
• Even with well-controlled sugar and blood pressure levels, kidney damage can still occur.

2. Obesity and Lifestyle Factors

• Poor dietary habits, lack of exercise, and excess body weight increase the risk of kidney dysfunction.
• A sedentary lifestyle and high salt intake can worsen existing kidney conditions.

3. Infections and Medications

• Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) may cause long-term kidney damage if left untreated.
• Excessive use of painkillers (NSAIDs), certain herbal supplements, and native medicines can harm the kidneys irreversibly.

4. Environmental Toxins and Contaminants

• Exposure to heavy metals and industrial pollutants has been linked to kidney damage.
• Chinese herbal medicines and bush medicines have been associated with toxic nephropathy in certain populations.

5. Genetic and Hereditary Factors

• Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder where cysts develop in the kidneys, causing dysfunction.
• Individuals with a family history of kidney disease should undergo regular screenings to detect potential risks early.

The Importance of Kidney Disease Screening

Since CKD progresses silently, regular health screenings are essential, especially for individuals at high risk.

Who Should Get Screened?

Diabetics and hypertensive patients should check their urine for protein leakage and creatinine levels at least once a year.
Individuals with a history of kidney stones should monitor kidney function closely.
People taking long-term pain medications or herbal supplements should undergo kidney health assessments.
Those with a family history of kidney disease must get periodic nephrology consultations.

A simple blood test (to measure creatinine levels) and a urine test (to check for protein leaks) can help detect kidney disease early.

Managing and Slowing Down Kidney Disease Progression

Even though CKD is irreversible, its progression can be slowed down with the right medical intervention and lifestyle adjustments.

1. Medical Monitoring & Treatment

• Regular check-ups with a nephrologist are essential.
• Medications to control blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol may be prescribed.
• In advanced cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation may become necessary.

2. Lifestyle and Dietary Modifications

• Reduce salt intake to maintain optimal blood pressure.
• Stay hydrated, but avoid excessive fluid intake if kidney function is compromised.
• Limit protein intake—excess protein can strain the kidneys.
• Avoid processed and junk food, as they contain high amounts of preservatives and artificial additives.

3. Be Cautious About Medications & Supplements

• Avoid self-medication—consult a doctor before taking any long-term painkillers or herbal remedies.
• Ensure nutritional supplements and cosmetics are free from harmful metals or chemicals.

Why Kidney Health Matters

Dr. Shetty emphasizes that kidneys work silently but tirelessly throughout our lives, filtering waste and maintaining balance in the body. Once the kidney filters are scarred, they do not regenerate, making it essential to protect them through preventive healthcare.

A healthy lifestyle not only benefits the heart and metabolism but also keeps the kidneys functioning well.
Early diagnosis and regular monitoring can prevent irreversible damage.
If diagnosed with kidney disease, long-term follow-ups with a nephrologist are crucial for managing the condition.

Your kidneys deserve care—adopt a healthier lifestyle today to ensure they keep working for a lifetime.