Congenital heart disease (CHD), also known as a congenital heart defect, is one of the most common birth abnormalities. It affects 1 in every 100 live births, leading to structural defects in the heart and blood vessels. These issues can cause symptoms like cyanosis (bluish skin), rapid heartbeat, fatigue, and swelling in the legs.

This condition may involve:
A hole in the heart wall
Abnormal blood vessel formation (too many, too few, or incorrect direction of blood flow)
Defective heart valves, affecting blood circulation

Let's explore the types, symptoms, causes, and preventive measures for congenital heart disease.

Types of Congenital Heart Disease

There are two primary types of CHD:

Acyanotic Heart Disease

This condition prevents normal mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. It can cause pressure overload defects or volume overload defects, leading to heart complications.

Cyanotic Heart Disease

In this type, the heart is unable to deliver enough oxygen to the body, leading to low oxygen levels in newborns. Babies with cyanotic CHD often require surgery.

Some common forms of cyanotic CHD include:
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) – A combination of four heart defects affecting blood flow.
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) – The two main arteries of the heart are switched in position.
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC) – Abnormal connection of veins carrying oxygenated blood.

Symptoms of Congenital Heart Disease

CHD symptoms vary depending on the severity of the condition. Common signs include:

Bluish skin, lips, or nails (cyanosis)
Excessive sleepiness or fatigue
Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
Weak pulse or abnormal heart rhythms
Poor blood circulation
Delayed growth or low birth weight
Tiring easily during physical activity

In severe cases, babies may need immediate medical attention after birth due to extreme oxygen deficiency.

Causes of Congenital Heart Disease

The exact cause of CHD varies, but some factors that increase the risk include:

Genetic Factors – A family history of heart defects can increase the risk.
Medications During Pregnancy – Certain prescription drugs taken during pregnancy may contribute to heart defects.
Alcohol or Drug Use – Consuming alcohol, smoking, or drug use during pregnancy increases CHD risk.
Viral Infections During Pregnancy – Mothers who contract rubella or flu in the first trimester are at higher risk of giving birth to a child with CHD.

Prevention of Congenital Heart Disease

While not all cases of CHD can be prevented, certain precautions can significantly reduce the risk.

Avoid alcohol, smoking, and certain medications during pregnancy.
Maintain healthy blood sugar levels, especially if the mother has diabetes.
Ensure proper vaccination (especially against rubella and flu) before conception.
Take 400 micrograms of folic acid daily during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.
Avoid exposure to infections by practicing good hygiene and avoiding contact with sick individuals.
Limit exposure to harmful chemicals such as paint thinners, dry cleaning solvents, and nail polish remover.

Congenital heart disease is a serious but manageable condition. Early detection, medical intervention, and preventive measures can improve quality of life for children born with CHD.

Pregnant women should prioritize their health to reduce risks for their baby. If you’re planning a pregnancy, consult a doctor for prenatal care and necessary vaccinations.